Single Axis Accelerometer with Inertial Threshold

ABSTRACT

A single axis accelerometer comprising a swing arm pivotally attached to a frame is held in apposition to a stop by a threshold force until an experienced acceleration force greater than the threshold force causes a distal segment of the swing arm to release from the stop and move toward a sensor that is activated by a sensor trigger on the distal segment of the swing arm.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to providing a single axisaccelerometer for accurate acceleration/deceleration measurement withminimal influence from all other axes. More specifically, the inventionrelates to a single axis accelerometer having a threshold inertia thatis optionally adjustable.

Discussion of Related Art

Automatic deceleration indication in automotive applications can beachieved by using a 3-axiss accelerometer to measure the force of thedeceleration and illuminating a brake light if the measured force ofdeceleration exceeds a pre-determined threshold. Examples of inventionsproviding such indication are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,327,642 andUS 2018/0009372. Vehicle motion due to rough road surfaces, inadequateor sport-tuned suspension, incline/decline angle, and lateral forceswhen turning can contribute forces to the measured deceleration forcethat must be filtered out in order to achieve proper automatic brakelight illumination without a significant number of false illuminations.The 3-axis accelerometer plus filtering algorithm approach is sufficientfor most passenger vehicles on typical roadways. However, attempts toport this technology to all vehicle platforms have been difficult. Noadequate solution exists for recreational and fishing boats, personalwatercraft, snowmobiles, or bicycles, for example, in part because thesevehicles exhibit motion dynamics and g-forces more intense thanpassenger vehicles on roadways. The current state of the art uses 3-axisMicro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometers that have very lowmass and are subsequently susceptible to false deceleration g-forcemeasurements in certain types of high vibration environments.

The use of a pendulum to measure acceleration predates the use of MEMSaccelerometers and methods based on this approach have been proposed asways of measuring deceleration, or negative acceleration, of motorvehicles. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,835,273 describes amulti-directional crash sensor for a vehicle, in which a pendulum withan electrical contact is pivoted within a housing for motion in anydirection in response to acceleration. U.S. Pat. No. 4,151,571 describesan accelerometer for attachment to the dashboard of a vehicle, includinga pendulum in a housing mounted on a pendulum arm and is attachedperpendicularly to an indicating needle that sweeps across a calibratedmeter face to indicate the acceleration of the vehicle. U.S. Pat. No.4,496,808 describes an electrical switch that is actuated when apendulum swings a predetermined distance to close an electrical contact.

A servo type accelerometer uses photoelectric elements to detect arotational displacement of a pendulum proportional to an accelerationforce and a current corresponding to the detected displacement isapplied to a coil, which exerts a force on the pendulum to drive ittoward its original position before an applied force of acceleration.The current applied to the coil is proportional to the accelerationforce so the acceleration can be measured. An example of this type ofaccelerometer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,856,333.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,801 describes an inertia switch that can be used inan electrical circuit to release electrically operated vehicle doorlocks or to turn of a vehicle's fuel pump in the event of an accident.U.S. Pat. No. 5,222,387 describes a swinging pendulum accelerationsensor with a mechanism that tilts a frame of the sensor to change theposition of the pendulum along a path of swinging motion and change thesensitivity of the accelerometer. Tilting the sensor changes thedistance that the pendulum swings before contacting a microswitch.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,862 describes a hinged, pendulous mass typeaccelerometer with a planar support base having an internal aperture anda pendulous mass that includes a pair of arms. A pair of spaced flexiblehinges pivotally supports the pendulous mass within the aperture. Ashadow paddle between a LED and a photodetector interrupts lighttransmission when the pendulous mass is unstressed in the absence anyexternal acceleration force. An acceleration force on the plane of thebase causes a displacement of the shadow paddle so that light,proportional in amount to the physical degree of displacement of theshadow paddle, is detected at the photodetector to generate a detectionsignal.

While the aforementioned accelerometers provide useful accelerationdetection for a wide variety of applications, none of theseaccelerometers are suitable for the detection of threshold accelerationor deceleration (negative acceleration) forces in vehicles experiencingmotion dynamics and g-forces more intense than those typicallyexperienced by trucks and passenger vehicles on roadways for the purposeof usefully indicating deceleration. A number of the accelerometers aretoo large or too heavy for use with bicycles or require constant powerat levels that prevent battery powered use. Some of the accelerometersare designed primarily for a single detection event such as a car crashand/or must be reset after each reported acceleration event.Accordingly, there is a need for methods and devices for reliablymeasuring and/or detecting acceleration/deceleration exceeding athreshold value in vehicles such as recreational and fishing boats,personal watercraft, snowmobiles, and bicycles.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention solves the problem of detecting a thresholddeceleration, or negative acceleration, even in high vibrationenvironments, so that a threshold deceleration can be reliably detected,indicated, and/or acted upon. Technically, the solution involves asingle axis accelerometer with an inertial threshold comprising a swingarm that is constrained to swing in around a single axis. The swing armis permanently prevented from moving in response to an accelerationforce in a first direction and prevented from moving in response toacceleration in a second, opposite direction having less than athreshold force. Upon experiencing an acceleration force in the seconddirection that is greater than the threshold force, the swing arm movesto a position that activates a sensor configured to indicate that anacceleration force in excess of the threshold force has beenexperienced. Detection may be limited to accelerations sustained for apreset minimum duration to prevent indication of and/or response tofleeting accelerations even above the threshold value to preventdetection of fleeting accelerations associated with travel over roughsurfaces.

The single axis accelerometer can be used in a method for detectingacceleration/deceleration by all sorts of vehicles, including those thatexperience much vibration and/or move at relatively low speed such asrecreational boats, fishing boats, personal watercraft, snowmobiles, andbicycles. False indications of deceleration caused, for example, bysharp turns or traversing uneven or inclined or declined surfaces areprevented by the device and method of the invention. Movement of thependulum is limited so that acceleration is detected in only onedirection along one axis and only when the force of acceleration in thatdirection exceeds a threshold value. The accelerometer may beconstructed so that the threshold value of acceleration is easilyadjustable. A single axis accelerometer according to the invention maybe constructed to have a small size, low weight, and low powerconsumption when compared to many existing pendulum type accelerometers.As an alternative to a swinging pendulum, a spheroidal mass containedwithin a guide may be used for certain applications.

The invention has broad utility for detecting acceleration in manyenvironments, including recreational and fishing boats, snowmobiles,personal watercraft, bicycles, and vehicles that employ electromagneticforces to decelerate without applying brakes, for example using anelectromagnetic retarder. Detected acceleration events may be used togenerate acceleration visible and/or audible acceleration signals,generate and store acceleration event data, and/or control operationsthat influence or are influenced by acceleration.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the present invention is derived byreferring to the detailed description and claims when considered inconnection with the figures, wherein like reference numbers refer tosimilar items throughout the figures and in which:

FIG. 1 is a side, upper front perspective view of one embodiment of asensor assembly;

FIG. 2 is a side, upper back perspective view of one embodiment of asensor assembly;

FIG. 3 is a side view of an embodiment of a sensor assembly during aninitial period of deceleration;

FIG. 4 is a side view of an embodiment of a sensor assembly duringsustained deceleration; and

FIG. 5 is a side view of an embodiment of a sensor assembly tilted at anangle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All art specific terms used herein are intended to have theirart-accepted meanings in the context of the description unless otherwiseindicated. All non art specific terms are intended to have their plainlanguage meaning in the context of the description unless otherwiseindicated.

As used herein, for a sensor to be engaged by a sensor trigger meansthat the trigger is in apposition to the sensor in a position toactivate the sensor.

Embodiments of an accelerometer and methods of operation are shown inFIGS. 1-5 and used to explain technical features of the invention andtheir technical effects. The invention may be embodied as any number ofvariations of the embodiment shown in the figures and described herein.

FIGS. 1 and 2 show an exemplary embodiment of an accelerometer assembly(1) comprising a frame (2), a swing arm (7), a sensor (4), a printedcircuit board (PCB) (3), a stop (8), and a threshold setting device (9).The frame (2) in this example is embodied as a unitary structurecomprising the stop (8) and housing the sensor (4), the PCB (3), and thethreshold setting device (9). Other embodiments of the accelerometer (1)may comprise a frame (2) comprising separate stop (8), sensor (4), PCB(3), and threshold setting device (9) components that are reversibly orirreversibly attached the the frame (2). The stop (8) and/or thethreshold setting device (9) may either be integral to the frame orattached to the frame. Reversible attachment to the frame (2) may be byone or more of screws, clamps, clasps, snap fits, interference fits, andtape, for example. Examples of irreversible attachment may includerivets, welds, and adhesives such as glues and epoxy resins. A unitarystructure may be made by injection molding, three dimensional printing,or other suitable methods. The size of the frame may vary depending onthe types of sensor (4), threshold force, and application. The maximumdimension of the frame (2) may be, for example, between about 2 cm andabout 8 cm but may be larger or smaller. The frame (2) may be made fromany suitable material such as a commonly used hard plastic.

The swing arm (7) is connected to the frame (2) via a connection thatallows it to swing around a pivot axis (6 a). The swing arm comprises aproximal segment (7 a) that is connected to the frame (2) through apivoting connection (6) such as a pivot pin or hinge and a distalsegment (7 b) comprising a sensor trigger (10, 10 a) and a thresholdengagement element (10, 10 b). For the embodiments shown in the figures,the swing arm (7) swings through approximately the same arc but therange of swing may be larger or smaller in other embodiments. It ispreferred that the swing has a maximum arc of less than 50 degrees andat least 15 degrees. The sensor trigger and threshold engagement elementmay be embodied as a single, same sensor trigger and thresholdengagement element (10) as indicated, for example, in FIG. 1, or asseparate sensor trigger (10 a) and threshold engagement element (10 b)as indicated, for example, in FIG. 3.

The purpose of the sensor trigger is to interact with the sensor (4) totrigger a sensor signal indicative of a force applied to theaccelerometer and swing arm (7) in a direction toward the sensor (4)that is in excess of a threshold force. The purpose of the thresholdengagement element (10,10 b) is to interact with the threshold settingdevice (9) to prevent the movement of the distal segment (7 b) of theswing arm (7) toward the sensor (4) unless a threshold force isexceeded. The threshold engagement element (10, 10 b) and thresholdsetting device (9) may interact through a magnetic force or a negativepressure such as a vacuum, for example to generate an attracting forcethat must be overcome before the swing arm (7) can move.

In the case of a magnetic force, the threshold engagement element (10,10 b) and threshold setting device (9) may comprise magnets, a magnetand a ferromagnetic material, or a ferromagnetic material and a magnet,respectively. The magnets may be permanent magnets, correlated magnetarrays, or electromagnets. In a preferred embodiment, the thresholdengagement element (10, 10 b) is a permanent magnet and the thresholdsetting device (9) comprises a ferromagnetic material that is attractedto the permanent magnet with a force that is equal to the thresholdforce. In a most preferred embodiment, the threshold engagement element(10, 10 b) is a rare earth magnet and the threshold setting device (9)is embodied as a screw threaded into the block (9) of the frame (2) suchthat turning the screw moves the ferromagnetic material closer to orfurther away from the threshold engagement element when it rests againstthe stop (9), thereby making it possible to increase or decrease thethreshold force by turning the threshold setting device (9). A manuallycontrolled or processor controlled actuator (16, FIG. 3) may be attachedto the threshold setting device (9) to control movement thereof toprovide more precise and/or automated control of the threshold force. Inanother embodiment, the the threshold engagement element (10, 10 b) andthreshold setting device (9) may comprise correlated arrays of magnetsconfigured such that the rotation of one array with respect to the othermay increase or decrease the magnetic attractive force between themwithout changing the distance between them.

The stop (8) is positioned to block the distal segment (7 b) of theswing arm (7) from swinging in a first direction away from the sensor(4). The threshold force prevents the distal segment from losing contactwith the stop (8) unless the accelerometer experiences a force ofacceleration that moves it in a second direction toward the sensor (4)that is greater than the threshold force holding the distal segment (7b) to the stop (8). The sensor (4) is positioned to be activated by thesensor trigger (10, 10 a) when the distal segment (7 b) of the swing arm(7) swings a distance D from its position against the stop (8) to thesensor (4), or the sensor's range of detection. When engaged oractivated by the sensor trigger (10, 10 a), the sensor sends a sensorsignal via PCB (3) to a signal receiving device such as an indicator, adisplay, an effector, or a transmitter. The frame (2) may comprise anaccess port (5) providing physical access for wires connecting the PCB(3) to a receiving device and/or a power supply. Additionally oralternatively, the PCB (3) may communicate with a receiving devicewirelessly. The PCB (3) may additionally be configured to receivesignals from an input device to set, reset, and/or program the PCB.

The interaction between the sensor trigger (10, 10 a) and the sensor (4)may be one of any of a number of interactions. For example, the sensortrigger may comprise a known mass and the sensor may be a pressuresensor that detects applied pressure and optionally the magnitude of thepressure. The sensor may comprise a light detector that senses areduction is detected light when covered by a light blocking element inthe sensor trigger (10, 10 a). An embodiment of the accelerometercomprising a light sensor may comprise a light source providing abackground level of light shining on the light sensor. In a preferredembodiment, the sensor trigger (10, 10 a) is a permanent magnet and thesensor (4) is a sensor that detects the presence of, and optionally theintensity of, a magnetic field.

In one preferred embodiment, the sensor (4) is a Hall Effect sensor, thethreshold setting device (9) comprises a ferromagnetic material, and thesensor trigger (10) and threshold engagement element (10) are embodiedas a single rare earth magnet. An advantage of using a sensor thatdetects a magnetic field is that the placement of the sensor (4) neednot be in a line of sight with the sensor trigger (10, 10 a). Forexample, in a variation of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the sensor(4) may be positions on the outside surface of the frame (2) oppositethe position shown in the figure.

A printed circuit board (PCB) (3) provides for communication between thesensor (4) and a receiving device (not shown) so that a sensedacceleration may be communicated to an indicator device such as a light,sound generator, or computer controlled monitoring and or effectordevice. A computer controlled monitoring device may comprise a displayand/or a data storage device. A computer controlled effector device maybe configured to control an operation of a vehicle to which theaccelerometer is mounted. For example, the detection of a decelerationhave a force a above a threshold force may, via an effector, causebraking and/or throttling down of an engine. The PCB (3) is shown in thefigures at a position between the sensor (4) and the frame but may bepositioned as desired in or on the frame (2) so long as it is incommunication with the sensor (4). The PCB may be integrated with thesensor (4). Additionally or alternatively, the PCB may communicate witha microprocessor coupled to an actuator (16) coupled to a movablethreshold setting device (9) and/or a microprocessor of an indicatordevice, a motorized vehicle, and/or computer controlled monitor.Communication between the accelerometer and remote devices may be wiredand/or wireless in nature. For wired communication, the frame (2) maycomprise a wire access port (5) for wires to be connected to otherdevices.

Referring to FIG. 3, when the accelerometer assembly (1) experiences anacceleration (11) in a first direction opposite that of the arrow in thefigure, the stop (8) prevents the swing arm (7) from moving. When theaccelerometer (1) experiences an acceleration (11) in a second directionin the same direction as the arrow, the inertia of the swing arm (7)will cause the distal segment (7 b) to swing toward the sensor (4) ifthe force of that acceleration exceeds the threshold force holding thedistal segment (7 b) against the stop (8). When used as a decelerationsensor for a vehicle, the accelerometer shown in FIG. 3 may be orientedsuch that the sensor (4) is oriented toward the front of the vehicle inthe direction of forward motion, and such that the stop (8) is orientedtoward the rear of the vehicle. When oriented in this way, the directionof the arrow is that of the force of vehicle deceleration, or negativeacceleration. A deceleration force greater than the threshold force willcause the distal segment (7 b) to swing toward the sensor (4).

An embodiment of an accelerometer assembly (1) as shown in FIG. 3comprises an actuator (16) coupled to the threshold setting device (9).The actuator (16) may be functionally coupled to an input device causingthe actuator to move the threshold setting device (9), for example, inresponse to a user input or computer input to change the threshold forceholding the the distal segment (7 b) against the stop (8). In oneexample, the threshold setting device (9) may be a ferromagneticmaterial embodied as a screw that is threaded through a threaded openingin the frame (2) and connected to the actuator (16) such that rotationof the threshold setting device (9) by the actuator moves the thresholdsetting device (9) closer to or further away from the distal segment (7b) of the swing arm (7). In another example, the threshold settingdevice (9) may be connected to the actuator (16) and pass through anopening in the frame (2) such that linear motion of the actuator (16)moves the threshold setting device (9) closer to or further away fromthe distal segment (7 b) of the swing arm (7). In yet another example,the threshold setting device (9) may comprise a magnet array correlatedwith a magnetic array on the distal segment (7 b) and the actuator (16)is configured to rotate the threshold setting device (9) relative to thedistal segment (7 b) of the swing arm (7). In each of these examples,the actuator may be replaced by or augmented by manual movement of thethreshold setting device (9).

Referring now to FIG. 4, a sustained deceleration force causes thesensor trigger (10,10 a) to remain in contact with, or in closeproximity to, the sensor (4). Depending on the type of sensor andtrigger, activation of the sensor may require actual contact between thesensor (4) and sensor trigger (10,10 a) or only proximity. For example,when the sensor trigger (10,10 a) is a magnet and the sensor senses amagnetic field, the sensor (4) may be triggered without contact when themagnet is sufficiently close in proximity to the sensor (4). If thesensor detects light and the trigger covers the sensor, contact may berequired.

When the accelerometer (1) is used in a system to detect and indicatedeceleration of a vehicle, the sensor may send a signal via PCB (3) toan indicator device. A technical advantage of this arrangement is thatfalse indications of deceleration are prevented because the PCB (3) maybe configured to transmit signals from the sensor (4) to an indicatordevice only when a signal from the sensor (4) persists for more than aselected duration of time such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, or 0.5 seconds. Inthis way, short lived, significant deceleration forces caused by unevenroad or snow surfaces, waves, wakes, and pedaling motions are notindicated. The positive mechanical stop (8) and pivot connection (6)prevent the swing arm (7) from moving past the stop (8) under a positiveacceleration or from moving in any direction that is not coaxial withthe single axis of movement. A short duration of deceleration, even onehaving a force greater than the threshold force, may be prevented fromresulting an indication of deceleration if the PCB (3) is programmed torequire a signal from the sensor (4) having a duration longer than thatof the short duration of a deceleration event. When the decelerationforce ends or diminished sufficiently, the mass of the distal end (7 b)of the swing arm will be moved toward the stop (8) by gravity.

FIG. 5 illustrates a technical advantage of a single axis pendulumaccelerometer when used to detect deceleration of a vehicle that istraveling down a hill. The arrow at the center of the figures indicatesthe direction of the force of gravity (12) relative to the accelerometer(1) mounted in or on a vehicle moving down a slope. The swing arm (7) isnot aligned with the gravity but only a very small fraction of thegravitational force on the swing arm is in a direction away from thethreshold engagement element and toward the sensor (4). The thresholdforce is essentially unchanged because the component of gravitationalforce moving the distal segment (7 b) is very small compared to thethreshold force. A simple pendulum without a threshold force holding thedistal end (7 b) of the swing arm against the stop (8) would triggeroften or continuously because gravity would pull the swing arm to alocation close enough to the sensor (4) to trigger an indicationdeceleration. In similar fashion, moving up hill would not prevent theaccelerometer from appropriately indication deceleration because theeffect of gravity is minimal. The force of gravity on the swing arm (7)remains small compared to the accelerations being measured but is greatenough to move the swing arm (7) into a position close enough to thestop for the threshold force to pull it against the stop (8).

Alternative to the embodiments shown in the figures, the swingingpendulum may be replaced by a spheroid having the sensor triggerfunctionality associated with the distal end (7 b) of the swing arm (7)and contained within a guide limiting the movement of the spheroid to asingle axis between the stop (8) and the sensor (4) and a traveldistance of D.

While the invention has been described in preferred forms, it will beapparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, additions, anddeletions made with respect to the explicitly described embodiments arepossible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

1. A single axis accelerometer comprising: a frame, a swing arm, asensor, a printed circuit board (PCB), a stop, and a threshold settingdevice wherein: the swing arm comprises a proximal segment connected tothe frame through a pivoting connection allowing the swing arm to swingaround a pivot axis and a distal segment comprising a sensor trigger anda threshold engagement element; wherein: the stop is positioned to blockthe distal segment of the swing arm from swinging in a first direction;the sensor is positioned to be engaged by the sensor trigger when thedistal segment of the swing arm swings in a second direction, oppositethe first direction; the PCB communicates with the sensor and isconfigured to convey sensor data from the sensor to a receiving device;the threshold setting device is positioned in apposition to the stop andthe threshold engagement element when the distal segment of the swingarm is in contact with the stop; an interaction between the thresholdengagement element and the threshold setting device applies a thresholdforce in the first direction to the distal segment of the swing arm. 2.The single axis accelerometer of claim 1, wherein the thresholdengagement device comprises a magnet and the threshold setting devicecomprises a ferromagnetic material.
 3. The single axis accelerometer ofclaim 2, wherein the magnet is a permanent magnet.
 4. The single axisaccelerometer of claim 2, wherein the threshold setting device isconfigured as a screw extending through a threaded hole in the stop andthe threshold force may be increased or decreased by turning the screw.5. The single axis accelerometer of claim 2, wherein the thresholdsetting device is coupled to an actuator configured to move thethreshold setting device relative to the stop and thereby increase ordecrease the threshold force.
 6. The single axis accelerometer of claim1, wherein the sensor trigger comprises a permanent magnet and thesensor is a Hall Effect sensor.
 7. The single axis accelerometer ofclaim 1, wherein the sensor trigger comprises a light impermeablematerial and the sensor is a light sensor.
 8. The single axisaccelerometer of claim 1, wherein the sensor trigger and the thresholdengagement element are embodied as a single same combination sensortrigger and threshold engagement element.
 9. A system for registering orindicating an acceleration force exceeding a threshold value, saidsystem comprising: the single axis accelerometer of claim 1 coupled to adate storage device or an indicator.
 12. The system of claim 11, whereinthe system comprises an indicator comprising one or more of a light, asound generator, and a display.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein thesingle axis accelerometer is mounted to a vehicle and further comprisingan effector coupled to the single axis accelerometer and functionallycoupled to a control system of the vehicle.
 14. The system of claim 11,further comprising an actuator configured to move the threshold settingdevice relative to the stop and a user input device functionally coupledto the actuator to control movement of the actuator.